Rita Marcotulli was born in Rome in 1959. She studied the piano from a very early age at the Santa Cecilia Academy. At first attracted to Brazilian music she turned towards Jazz at twenty… with great success. Her career got of to a flying start. Right from the start of the 1980s she had the chance to play with the cream of European jazz: Chet Baker, John Christensen, Palle Danielsson, Peter Erskine, Steve Grossman, Joe Henderson, Hélène La Barrière, Joe Lovano, Charlie Mariano, Tony Oxley, Michel Portal, Enrico Rava, Michel Bénita, Aldo Romano, Kenny Wheeler... Her intimate playing, of a great deepness, and her subtle arrangements that emphasise a note and amplify its emotional charge, allowed her to make many encounters, particularly with other arts, such as cinema, which she has done a lot of composing for: “My music was obviously influenced by the work of a number of great artists: Thelonius Monk, Elis Regina, Bill Evans, John Coltrane, just to cite a few. But above the world of sound, it has been influenced by so many other experiences, artistic, literary, visual and naturally cinematographic. In particular, I’ve always felt a great affinity between the poetic world that I try to express and that of one of the sharpest film-directors of all time, François Truffaut. Nostalgia for childhood, a vocation for flight, a respect for timidity, the ambiguity of love, the sense of life going by, the struggle between innocence and experience are all notions that can be found throughout Truffaut’s work and these same feelings are often to be found behind the notes of my compositions and arrangements”. Never had Truffaut’s cinema had such a great tribute as The Woman Next Door, recorded in 1997. The Italian pianist is also very attracted by dance. Her manner of occupying space, of drawing volumes of sound like authentic characters seduced choreographers such as Roberta Garrisson and Teri J. Weikel. With Rita Marcotulli, Jazz reveals its capacity to attach itself to bodies and to invest places, so as to create an atmosphere that carries the audience off into a world of feeling.
Mauro Ottolini is a multi-instrumentalist and his music - rising from the brass instruments he plays, is a varied as the instruments he plays. The use of the trombone and its various mutes, the flashing slide trumpet and the full-bodied but agile saxophone inspires Ottolini to create pieces that express his complex personality, the result of a personal musical history that includes classical, operatic, popular, jazz and Afro-American music. Within the complex identity game imposed on us by our times, the trombonist and composer's artistic response is to produce modern, dynamic music which passes agilely over stylistic, geographic and temporal frontiers. This doesn't mean casting a net in a post-modern spirit into the world of sounds and fishing out whatever comes up : Ottolini and his musicians ( among whom we find Daniele D'Agaro and Fulvio Sigurta', who play important roles ) move according to a very personal musical compass. This points towards New Orleans jazz ( recalled in a piece, bearing the same name by Carmichael, that begins as a ballad and ends in the sweltering streets of that famous southern city ) , not as a revival, but as a recovery of polyphony, hereby liberally using sound materials and exposing the musical roots of the music. Sousaphonix takes a non-linear route that passes through pieces by Duke Ellington, both lesser known ( Tina ) and Caribbean ( Jamaica Tomboy ), and a tune by Lester Bowie, drippin with groove and feeling ( Charlie M. ), or band-like and shamanic ( Silver Threads Among The Gold ), concluding with a tribute to Steven Bernstein. Little Slide Funk, the name of this chaotic, metallic, liquid piece - that opens ( not by chance ) the album - highlight other poetic trait of Ottolini and his group, in which the younger generation is represented ( Dan Kinzelman on reeds and the transversal Zeno De Rossi on drums ): acoustic instruments ( such as Vincenzo Castrini's accordion ) co-exist and dialogue with their electric counterparts ( Enrico Terranoli's electric guitar, Vincenzo Vasi's theremin ), weaving electronics and effects into the various pieces. The compositional and improvitional concepts may originate as acoustic, but they are subsequently developed along the circuitous paths of electronics and computers. But Ottolini's music maintains its fiery, forceful character, its popular roots and band extractions inserting themselves well into blues and reggae, with a strong narrative sense, demostrating a profound assimilation of the languages of jazz that the trombonist -together with Daniele D'Agaro's masterful tenor sax - manifests in various segments. In his recent book " Le eta' del Jazz. I contemporanei ( publ. il Saggiatore )", the italian music critic, Claudio Sessa identifies the traits of jazz over recent decades :"the exploration of a new freedom of timbre (...); the strong growth of what we could call "national Schools", aimed at (...) recovering various African roots prevailing to datev; the confirmation of sophisticated Mannerism flowing into the birth of "repertory" jazz, capableof interlacing philological research with the individualistic needs that have always existed in this music ( jazz ). This words pefectly describe Sousaphonix's music and attest to its fruitul rapport with tradition and the contemporary. Luigi Onoiri ( Music critic for "Il Manifesto), teacher of Jazz History at the consrvatory "L. Refice" in Frosinone, Italy )
A suite for rebellious women and men,whose names remain unknown. Rebels of a different time, from different parts of the world. A composition where the voices of anonymous women and men can emerge from silence, defining them and, at the same time, uniting them in a chorus for the same ideals that marked their lives. "The Unknown rebel" suite represents them, and us and all of those peolple whose commitment to the future is a passion.
Giovanni Guidi
Giovanni Guidi presenta il suo ultimo lavoro discografico "The Unknown Rebel" CAM JAZZ alla testa di un tentetto, denominato The Unknown Rebel Band. Il giovane pianista umbro è al terzo album per l'etichetta romana, dopo "Indian Summer" e "The House Behind This One" incisi in quartetto.
Attualmente, oltre a suonare con i propri gruppi, collabora con ENRICO RAVA NEW QUINTET, ENRICO RAVA SPECIAL EDITION, FABRIZIO SFERRA TRIO, GIANLUCA PETRELLA COSMIC BAND, MAURO NEGRI QUARTET, LELLO PARETI BAND.
Il CD racconta in musica storie di straordinarie libertà, lo spirito di ribellione e giustizia che attraversa e muove i popoli.
E' un lungo viaggio dalla guerra di Liberazione (IL PARTIGIANO JOHNNY, PAISA', NAPOLI 27 - 30 SETTEMBRE 1943), alla Primavera di Praga (PRASKE' JARO), attraverso i desaparecidos argentini (GARAGE OLIMPO), alla legge Basaglia (180 -75), che sancì la fine della segregazione per migliaia di malati psichici, alle lotte anticolonialiste nel Sud del mondo (SONO SETU UBUMNYAMA, QUEIMADA), al genocidio dei pellirossa (WOUNDED KNEE), alla rivoluzione in Messico (TIERRA Y LIBERTAD), alla guerra civile spagnola del '39 (GUERNICA) alla rivolta di Piazza Tien an Men - da qui la denominazione "The Unknown Rebel" dalla foto di quel ribelle sconosciuto in camicia bianca davanti ai carri armati, entrata nell'immaginario collettivo con una delle immagini più note e potenti della storia moderna.
Con Giovanni al pianoforte ci saranno Mauro Ottolini (trombone), Mirko Rubegni, Fulvio Sigurtà (tromba), Dan Kinzelman (sax tenore), che ha curato anche gli arrangiamenti, Daniele Tittarelli (sax alto), David Brutti (sax basso), Francesco Ponticelli (contrabbasso), Joao Lobo (batteria), Michele Rabbia (percussioni).
Vittorio Mezza, is considered one of the most interesting and original pianist on the new italian jazz scene. With the help of two “supermusicians” as Massimo Moriconi and Ettore Fioravanti gave birth to a musical project of extraordinary artistic depht, great novelty both stylistic and of ideas. It’s remarkable a strong component of swing and interplay, a quality is becoming rarest. The cd suggests some excellent original songs, some evocative themes by Petrucciani, Shorter, Monk and closes with an homage to Nirvana.
He was born in Maddaloni (Italy). After having completed his studies in classical music, he moved to Rome where got his Diploma and Bachelor in jazz music in Jazz Music from the ”S. Cecilia Conservatory of Music”. He lives in Rome and he has attended various courses like the Berklee Summer School to Umbria Jazz, the Seminars and the two-year master of high improvement for Jazz Trios in Siena, the David Liebman Chromatic Jazz Master Class in the USA, The New York International Jazz Workshop in the USA, the Arrangement and Composition Course at the Music University of Rome, etc. He studied under international musicians like D. Liebman, F. D' Andrea, S. Battaglia, P. Damiani, J. Taylor, F. Jegher, D. Sanborn etc., and has performed in many important International Festivals such us the French-Italian Festival of Jazz and Improvisation in Rome with the S. Cecilia Jazz Orchestra; the Roccella Jonica Jazz Festival – where he opened the concert for Wayne Shorter Quartet and then plays with the ethno-jazz ensemble of D. Montenegro - in 2005; the Bitonto Jazz Festival 2007 – where he opened the concert for the Mike Stern Band; the International Music Fest of Rome. He was semifinalist at the TIM in Marseille as well as at the Montreux Jazz Piano Solo Competition 2005, at which he was the only Italian to compete. He has played in several line-ups including the S. Cecilia Jazz Quartet, in duo with Paolo Damiani and in the P. Damiani Group, in trio with Ettore Fioravanti, Roberto Gatto and in quartet with Aldo Bassi; he has played also with D. Torto, W. Paoli, P. Condorelli, A. Onorato; in the USA with Mike Stephans, Tony Marino, Tony Moreno, Marc Mommaas; in Canada with Alec Walkington and Dave Laing (McGill University of Montréal). He has played in several international theatres and concert-halls such as the Teatro Vespasiano of Civitavecchia, Anfiteatro Romano of Benevento, Teatro Cilea and Maschio Angioino in Napoli, Real Palace of S. Leucio Caserta, Villa Pamphilj – Rome, University of Cosenza, Rome Conservatory Academic Hall, Teatro dei Contrari, Villa Giulia and Palazzo Farnese in Rome, the Deer Head Inn in Delaware GAP – Pennsylvania, USA, Upstairs Jazz Club in Montréal, Quebec...Last year he was selected by the YAMAHA Corporation to be one of the piano and keyboard performers for Italy. He has played on programmes for Rai, Rai Sat and Mediaset. He has recorded the CD "MP2 live" for the Splasc(H) Records Label and the "Solinsieme" for the Domani Musica Music and Discography Editions, still in distribution, and many other self recorded CDs. In 2006 he won the International Competition of Composition "O. Sindici" – Ceccano and the price for which was publication of a collection of original compositions for piano solo featuring a language in the area between jazz and contemporary music, by BÈRBEN International Music Edition. In 2007 he was finalist in the Roma Soundtrack Competition for composers, with an original composition for strings trio and piano. He was been reviewed by some of Italian’s top critics such as Franco Fayenz, Giordano Selini, Vittorio Lo Conte… He was noted in the category ‘best new talents 2006’ in Top Jazz, the Italian Jazz Music Referendum. He is ranked in the list of the most Italian State Music Conservatories (Rome, Venice, Ferrara, Genova, Pesaro, Potenza, Fermo, Frosinone, Trieste, Brescia, Parma, Como, Bari, Alessandria, Torino...). Last April he held a seminar for the Jazz Music class of the ‘S. Cecilia’ Rome Conservatory, about the development of languages in jazz (the topic of his book). He composed Pianogrups vol. 1 e 2 published by Berben Editions, Birth from a bird for piano published by the Florestano Editions. Now, he is working for RAI as music consultant for Italian National Television and he is teaching - as Music Conservatory Professor - for the instruction of the ' jazz piano elements' discipline at the S. Cecilia Conservatory of Rome.
The TINGVALL TRIO was founded in 2003 by the Swedish pianist and composer Martin Tingvall. The pieces composed by him are characterized by catchy melodies which sweep along not only jazz lovers quickly and tend to stay with you long afterwards. Not only the technical ability of the musicians carries away. The three Hamburgers play Scandinavian jazz with Cuban reminiscences and an easy rock'n'roll attitude. In the expressive ballads also Nordic melancholy and liveliness resonate, however. Listening closely one can recognize traditional Swedish folk songs as one of the elements of the compositions. Despite the wide variety in their backgrounds, a level very much their own emerged from their creative alliance. Among the mentors who taught Swedish pianist Martin Tingvall his craft was Bobo Stenson. Jürgen Spiegel from Bremen, Germany gigged mostly as a veritable rock drummer, but audiences were "boffoed" above all by his enormously multifaceted playing and the vividness of this percussion work. Bass player Omar Rodriguez Calvo from Cuba was already a sideman of Ramon Valle and Roy Hargrove among others. Regards the new cd we can tell that follows "Skagerrak" and "Norr" and with it the trio finalizes their trilogy of nordic stories. Recorded at the famous ArteSuono studio in Italy, bestknown for a series of great ECM recordings, "Vattensaga" stands for an even improved group sound and the outstanding songwriting qualities of Martin Tingvall. Thirteen new musical pearls, leaving space for sound paintings of drummer Jürgen Spiegel , the mediterranean lightness of double bass player Omar Rodruguez Calvo and the bright piano playing of Martin Tingvall , experiencing a Fazioli grand piano fort he first time. A definite highlight of the trios band history so far.
“You can tell immediately that John’s approach to jazz is both new and refreshing; showing great respect for both the melody and the lyric — a rare thing among jazz vocalists. I’ll bet that Chet Baker is looking down on John saying, ‘Yeah, John, go for it’.”
-- William Claxton (Jazz photographer)
“This introduction to young, talented John Proulx does a great job of showing us what he is about: Strong musicianship, great intonation, mellow swing and a soothing, almost vibrato- less Chet Baker like tone quality. Bravo, John!”
-- John Clayton (3-time grammy nominated bassist, composer, and conductor)
"It's takes a lot of imagination as well as natural talent to make jazz standards sound fresh and vital. John sings and plays so beautifully and is an outstanding songwriter as well. He's simply a joy to hear"
-- Michael Feinstein
John's latest CD on MAXJAZZ, "Baker’s Dozen-Remembering Chet Baker” is a tribute to the late trumpet player and vocalist. It features legendary musicians Chuck Berghofer, Joe LaBarbera, and special guest, Dominick Farinacci on trumpet. John’s 2006 debut CD, “Moon and Sand”, has garnered national and international acclaim, and his fan base is quickly growing. In addition to his own trio, John has performed with the likes of Anita O'Day, Natalie Cole, and Marian McPartland.
John is also a Grammy-winning composer. Jazz legend, Nancy Wilson, recorded "These Golden Years", a song that John co-wrote with lyricist D. Channsin Berry, for her 2006 Grammy-winning CD, Turned to Blue. Jazz singer, Mary Stallings, also recorded "Stuck in a Dream", a tune John co-wrote with lyricist K. Lawrence Dunham, on her 2005 release, Remember Love.
John began his formal musical education at the age of 3 in Grand Rapids, MI on Suzuki violin, but quickly switched to classical piano lessons. His grandfather, Clyde Proulx, was a jazz guitarist who introduced him to the world of jazz. Hooked on the freedom of improvisation, his education took him to Chicago to study at Roosevelt University’s Chicago School of Performing Arts. In 2001, John moved to Los Angeles to further his musical pursuits. He has emerged as a young talent on the Los Angeles jazz scene and loves the wide-range of opportunities the city has to offer.
"I met Bob Dylan once, a long time ago. He was an electrified wolf pressed up against the back of a booth at the Marigold Ballroom in Minneapolis. I saw him from the stage and told my Albert Grossman joke : "Here's a man whose last name should have been hyphenated." After the set I went over to the booth and said "Bob you influenced me a lot." Bob saiad "Oh, yeah ?" Speaks were coming off of him. I passed Bob Dylan on a stairway once, fifteen years ago. He was coming down and I was going up. His security guy was walking in front of him, like he was clearing the road of lepers, and he said to me, "Get Back!". Bob was looking down at his feet. He never looked up. Under his hood, he looked just like a ghost. I dreamed about Bob Dylan once. It was just last year. I was standing in this long line. And everybody in the line had a stack of cards with writing on 'em and we were all just waiting to go into this big room and justify our lives by putting the cards in order. And I had a plan. I was gonna turn all my cards over so they looked like they were blank and I was gonna hand them in that way. And there was a long line of people coming out of that big room too and one of them was Bob Dylan. And he said, "Ben, what are you gonna do ?" And I showed him my cards and he handed me a pencil and said, " Man, you better get busy !" I wrote a song for Bob Dylan, just hte other day. The chorus goes like this : "We are the tears of a man in Thailand that wash up on a distant shore We are the wings of a butterfly in China that started the oceans' roar We are the straw that broke the camel's back, the bull in the china store We are here but for a minute and gone for a whole lot more" I never played it and maybe I never will. But I know one thing. If I ever meet Bob Dylan again, I'm not gonna bring it up. "
Ben Sidran
Ben Sidran has been a major force in the modern day history of jazz and rock & roll having played keyboards with or produced such artists as Steve Miller, Mose Allison, Diana Ross, Boz Scaggs, Phil Upchurch, Tony Williams, Jon Hendricks, Richie Cole and Van Morrison. It's been a long and varied journey for Ben Sidran—from playing boogie woogie piano as a six year old in Racine, Wisconsin, leaning into his jazz records, listening to a Blue Mitchell solo "literally like an Eskimo huddled around a fire", to growing up to play boogie woogie piano around the world and, eventually, recording with Blue Mitchell on his first solo album. Despite the reality that Sidran is better known in Europe and Japan than in America—a fact of life for most jazz musicians—Ben Sidran is an American success story.
Track List
Everything Is Broken Highway 61 Revisited Tangled Up In Blue Gotta Serve Somebody Rainy Day Woman Ballad of a Thin Man Maggie's Farm Knockin' On Heaven's Door Subterranean Homesick Blues On The Road Again All I Really Want To Do Blowin' in the Wind
Ben Sidran — Vocals, Piano, Wulitizer, Hammond B3, Fender Rhodes
Alberto Malo — Drums and Percussion
Marcello Giuliani — Acoustic and Electric Bass
Rodolph Burger — Guitar, Vocal on "Blowin' in the Wind"
Bob Malach — Tenor Saxophone, Flute, Bass Clarinet
Michael Leonhart — Trumpet, Flugelhorn
Amy Helm — Background Vocals
Georgie Fame — Vocal and Organ on "Rainy Day Woman #12 & 35"
Jorge Drexler — Vocal on "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Leonor Watling & Luca — Backgroiund Vocals on "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Chiaroscuro” introduces a new duo and a rare instrumental combination – trumpet and acoustic guitar. The repertoire: a programme of old and new Ralph Towner compositions and duo improvisations, plus an old Miles Davis favourite, its presence a key to the musical priorities at work here.
The album was recorded last autumn in Udine, but the story of the Towner/Fresu alliance really begins further South, at a festival in Sardinia, 15 years ago. Towner had been commissioned to write music for a local ensemble. Fresu was its trumpeter. “I didn’t know him at all then,” Ralph recalls, “but from the very first phrase that he played, I thought: ‘This guy really understands melodies!’ And I thought there and then that we should do some more work together.”
The composition played that night, “Punta Giara”, resurfaces here in rearranged form, along with pieces shaped especially for this album, including the title track, a study in strong contrasts. The atmospheric “Sacred Place”, heard in two versions, and “Doubled Up” bring Towner’s new baritone guitar to the fore. Tuned a fifth below his classical concert guitar it allows him new flexibility in the low range, and the freedom to be, effectively, his own bassist on the clever “Doubled Up”, the most overtly jazz-like of the new tunes. .“’Doubled up’ has many meanings, of course, including doubled up with laughter. Here the theme is sequenced, so to speak, the events happen twice, each theme ‘doubled’ by the two players.”
Two pieces from Ralph’s ECM back-catalogue are revisited: “Wistful Thinking (originally heard as a solo piece on “Open Letter”, in 1992), and “Zephyr” (first scored for the band Oregon on 1987’s “Ecotopia”).
Of the subtle account of “Blue In Green”, Towner says., “I’d always wanted to do that song with a trumpet.” Paolo Fresu’s clear, vibratoless sound acknowledges its debt to Miles. Fresu has always been forthright about his formative influences (his bold remaking of “Porgy and Bess” in 2001 being a case in point). For Towner, as for so many musicians, “Kind of Blue” was a pivotal recording: “The whole ensemble was amazing, but especially Miles and the great Bill Evans working together - my favourite musicians of all time, in the improvising sphere.”
The album concludes with “Two Miniatures” and “Postlude”, improvisations that put the spotlight on the 12.string guitar, extending an approach that had worked well on Ralph’s solo albums “Anthem” and “Time Line”. “I like to do these free things – well ‘free’ is really a misnomer. The same compositional process is at work, but you only get one shot at it.”
Non finisce piu' di stupire questa cantante-chitarrista fiorentina innamorata fin da ragazzina del Brasile ormai divenuta la sua seconda patria musicale. Tuttavia la scoperta della bossa nova, di Jobim, João Gilberto & co., non è stato un punto di arrivo in cui si sono fermati i suoi interessi musicali ma l'inizio di un lungo viaggio che le ha consentito di incontrare da un punto di vista interpretativo dai Beatles agli standards jazz passando per quello che per alcuni versi può essere considerato un cd fondamentale per la sua crescita artistica. Stiamo parlando naturalmente di “Vento” registrato con Enrico Rava per l’etichetta francese Label Bleu, con Stefano Bollani al pianoforte, Giovanni Tommaso al contrabbasso, Roberto Gatto alla batteria, e con l’accompagnamento dell’Accademia Filarmonica della Scala diretta da Paolo Silvestri, autore degli arrangiamenti.Ora abbiamo il piacere di rincontrarla impegnata nella canzone d’autore francese. In “Formidable!”, nuova produzione Philology, Barbara interpreta 12 classici di Charles Trenet. Grazie alla sua bella ed espressiva voce, all’impeccabile accompagnamento di Fabrizio Bosso, tromba, Pietro Lussu, pianoforte, e Ares Tavolazzi, contrabbasso abbiamo il piacere per il nostro udito e per il nostro cuore di ascoltare in una veste totalmente nuova brani immortali come “La Mer”, “J’ai Connus De Vous”, “Boum!”, “Le Soleil Et La Lune” sino ad arrivare alla toccante “Que Reste-T-Il De Nos Amours”, che chiude l’album.
Ecco come la stessa Barbara descrive questo suo ultimo lavoro " Un viaggio in auto da sola, la voce di Trenet alla radio in uno dei suoi brani piu' famosi.... e io, colpita al cuore da quel canto, all'improvviso voglio sapere tutto di quello che chiamano il "cantante pazzo".... la sua musica è teatro e poesia, e io voglio indossare le sue canzoni, voglio diventare un po' francese e un po' pazza anch'io : cosi' nasce questo progetto e questo nuovo dico, come sempre per un nuovo incanto e il desiderio di portarlo con me e trasmetterlo agli altri "
A noi non resta che augurare a tutti buon viaggio e buon ascolto !
- Barbara Casini – Formidable! Feat. Fabrizio Bosso, tromba, Pietro Lussu, pianoforte, e Ares Tavolazzi, contrabbasso.
Not only is Enrico Pieranunzi considered the best jazz composer and pianist in Europe, he is also regarded as an amazingly prolific artist. The ideas and the music never stop. Perhaps that creative restlessness is why he named his third release of 2009, Wandering. The recording is his 14th for the acclaimed Italian jazz label, CAM Jazz, which will release the new music in the United States on October 13, 2009 in digital form only. Pieranunzi’s release of three recordings this year presents a unique opportunity to understand his diverse influences and distinctive voice in light of these very different discs. With Enrico Pieranunzi Plays Domenico Scarlatti , the fearless Roman took on an unprecedented challenge: improvising on the sonatas of the famous classical composer Domenico Scarlatti. He followed that with the ephemeral Dream Dance, the seventh album he’s recorded with his long-time American partners, bassist Marc Johnson and drummer Joey Baron. Now with Wandering, he returns to solo form such as on Scarlatti, but returns to his own evocative compositions and mastery of his own personal process. As always, Pieranunzi plays elegantly and with such astute technical ability that it heightens the tension for the listener. He also captures the emotional undercurrents of the music expertly, stoking our imaginations.
Writes Paul Benkimoun in the liner notes, “Harmonic and melodic progressions appear as events in the course of the stories told in Wandering… ‘Fermati A Guardare Il Giorno’ has this evocative power. Who knows why ‘Wandering 2,’ as ‘Dark,’ engender black and white images…With its repeated bass vamp, ‘Improstinato 2’ too recalls a dark menace…A master in creating atmospheres, Enrico Pieranunzi allows us to hear all of the tenderness which he is capable of in the tune ‘Rosa Del Mare’; … ‘For My True Love’ finds its intensity in the delicacy with which Pieranunzi exposes in different ways the same thing: words of love…Through the multiple facets which make up each of its pieces, Wandering yields a portrait of Enrico Pieranunzi. Thanks to a magnificent pianistic mastery, to an extended dynamic and to the amplitude of his sound palette, the artist manages not to be repetitive albeit remaining himself in every instant.”